An environment lock is a generic permission token, that can be applied to any situation where you want to control the number of instances able to execute particular steps at the same time. As GM says, the most common example is reading an input file; if you have 10 robots running, you don't want them all loading the same file. Instead, you make all 10 compete for possession of an environment lock; only 1 can win and the other 9 will lose. The winner loads the file while the others wait; after loading the winner releases the lock and then all 10 proceed.
Another synopsis is that you want all 10 to perform an action 'one at a time'. Again all 10 compete for the lock and the winner performs the steps. After the lock is released the remaining 9 compete again and 1 of them wins. The 8 compete, then 7, then 6 etc.